{"id":11026,"date":"2025-03-07T17:48:21","date_gmt":"2025-03-07T17:48:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/?page_id=11026"},"modified":"2025-05-18T17:54:23","modified_gmt":"2025-05-18T17:54:23","slug":"african-nightshade","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/african-nightshade\/","title":{"rendered":"African Nightshade"},"content":{"rendered":"<div align=center>\n<h5>Contents:<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"#Names\">Common Names<\/a> | <a href=\"#Parts\">Parts Usually Used<\/a> | <a href=\"#Description\">Plant(s) &amp; Culture<\/a> | <a href=\"#Where\">Where Found<\/a> | <a href=\"#Properties\">Medicinal Properties<\/a> | <a href=\"#Biochemical\">Biochemical Information<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#Legends\">Legends, Myths and Stories<\/a> | <a href=\"#Uses\">Uses<\/a> | <a href=\"#Dosages\">Formulas or Dosages<\/a> | <a href=\"#Nutrient\">Nutrient Content<\/a> | <a href=\"#Sold\">How Sold<\/a> | <a href=\"#Warning\">Warning<\/a> | <a href=\"#Links\">Resource Links<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Scientific Names<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/african-nightshade2.jpg\" alt=\"African Nightshade\" align=\"right\" style=\"width:400px;height:auto\"\/><b><i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solanum scabrum<\/li>\n<li>Solanum guineense<\/li>\n<li>Solanum melanocerasum<\/li>\n<li>Solanum intrusum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"Names\">Common Names<\/a> <\/h3>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>African Nightshade<\/li>\n<li>Black Nightshade<\/li>\n<li>Garden Huckleberry<\/li>\n<li>Morelle de Guin\u00e9e<\/li>\n<li>Morelle Noire<\/li>\n<li>Erva Moura<\/li>\n<li>Mnavu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/b><br \/>\n<a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a> <\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Parts\">Parts Usually Used<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/african-nightshade1.jpg\" alt=\"African Nightshade\" align=\"right\" style=\"width:400px;height:auto\"\/><\/p>\n<p>The leaves, young shoots, and occasionally the roots, stems, and berries are used for medicinal purposes. Only the fully ripened berries should be consumed, and even then with caution.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Description\">Description of Plant(s) and Culture<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>African nightshade is an annual or short-lived perennial herb that grows erect and widely spreading, reaching up to 100-150 cm tall. The plant is unarmed with rounded or narrowly winged stems that may be glabrous or sparsely pubescent. The leaves are arranged spirally, sometimes almost opposite, and are rhomboid to ovate-lanceolate in shape, up to 22 cm long and 16 cm wide. The plant bears white flowers (sometimes flushed purple) with yellow-green stars at the base, arranged in extra-axillary, umbel-like cymes with 3-12 flowers. The fruits are glossy, globose berries, 10-16 mm in diameter, and deeply purple to purplish-black when mature.<\/p>\n<p>African nightshade is cultivated through seeds and less commonly through cuttings. Seeds are either sown directly or in nurseries for later transplanting. Commercial cultivation typically involves the use of nurseries, with transplanting occurring 4-6 weeks after sowing when seedlings have 5-6 true leaves. The plant requires fertile soils rich in nitrogen and organic matter, with a pH of 6.0-6.5. It grows optimally at temperatures between 20-30\u00b0C and requires at least 500 mm of rainfall during the growing season.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Where\">Where Found<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>African nightshade is native to and widely cultivated across Africa, particularly from Liberia to Ethiopia and south to Mozambique and South Africa. It is especially common in both lowland and highland regions of West and East Africa. Its wide diversity in Nigeria and Cameroon suggests its origins lie in the warm humid forest belt of West and Central Africa.<\/p>\n<p>Outside of Africa, Solanum scabrum can be found in Europe, Asia (India, China, and the Philippines), Australia, New Zealand, North America, and the Caribbean. It grows from sea level to well over 2000 meters in altitude.<br \/>\n            <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Properties\">Medicinal Properties<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>African nightshade possesses several important medicinal properties:<\/p>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p><b>Antioxidant:<\/b> Rich in polyphenols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls that provide strong antioxidant activity against various free radicals<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Anti-genotoxic:<\/b> Protects against DNA damage induced by carcinogens like aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Anti-inflammatory:<\/b> Contains compounds that reduce inflammation<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Anti-cancer\/Chemopreventive:<\/b> Shows potential in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Hepatoprotective:<\/b> Offers protection to liver cells<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Antimicrobial:<\/b> Shows activity against certain bacteria and fungi<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Analgesic:<\/b> Provides pain relief when applied topically<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Diuretic:<\/b> Promotes urine production<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Febrifuge:<\/b> Helps reduce fever<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Antiperiodic:<\/b> Prevents the periodic return of diseases<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Antiphlogistic:<\/b> Reduces inflammation and fever<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Emollient:<\/b> Softens and soothes the skin<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Narcotic:<\/b> Contains compounds with sedative properties<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Purgative:<\/b> Stimulates bowel movements<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Sedative:<\/b> Produces a calming effect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Biochemical\">Biochemical Information<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>African nightshade contains a variety of bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal properties:<\/p>\n<h5>1. Polyphenols and Phenolic Compounds:<\/h5>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p>Chlorogenic acid (caffeoylquinic acids)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Coumaric acid<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Caffeic acid<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Sinapic acid<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Gallic acid<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Quercetin and its derivatives<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Kaempferol and its derivatives<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Catechins<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>2. Carotenoids:<\/h5>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p>\u03b2-carotene<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Lutein<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Zeaxanthin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>3. Chlorophylls:<\/h5>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p>Chlorophyll a<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Chlorophyll b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>4. Other Compounds:<\/h5>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p>Alkaloids (though in lower concentrations in the leaves compared to other Solanum species)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Glycoalkaloids (solanine and solanidine in green fruits)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Proteins (rich in methionine)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Vitamins (especially A, C, and riboflavin)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Minerals (calcium, iron, phosphorus)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The concentration of these compounds varies depending on growing conditions, plant maturity, post-harvest storage, and processing methods.<br \/>\n                  <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Legends\">Legends, Myths and Stories<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>African nightshade has long been used in traditional African medicine and cuisine. Although it belongs to the nightshade family, which includes many toxic plants, the cultivated African nightshade has been selectively bred to contain lower levels of toxic compounds.<\/p>\n<p>There has been much confusion in the literature about African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) and other species in the Solanum section. In Africa, the name Solanum nigrum is often incorrectly applied to almost all species of section Solanum with blackish fruits, including Solanum scabrum. This confusion has likely been worsened by the use of similar vernacular names for different species.<br \/>\n                <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Uses\">Uses<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><H5>Medicinal Uses:<\/H5><\/p>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p><b>Digestive Issues:<\/b> Leaf extracts are used to treat diarrhea in children<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Eye Infections:<\/b> Applied topically to treat certain eye infections<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Jaundice:<\/b> Used as a treatment for jaundice<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Stomach Ailments:<\/b> In East Africa, the raw fruit is chewed and swallowed to treat stomach ulcers or stomach-ache<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Dental Issues:<\/b> Infusions of leaves and seeds are rubbed onto the gums of children who have developed crooked teeth<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Skin Conditions:<\/b> The leaves, stems, and roots are used in the treatment of leucoderma, wounds, and cancerous sores<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Pain Relief:<\/b> Extracts of the plant are analgesic and used for toothaches<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Inflammation:<\/b> Used for its anti-inflammatory properties<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Cancer Prevention:<\/b> Research shows potential in inhibiting cancer cell growth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><H5>Culinary Uses:<\/H5><\/p>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p>Leaves and fresh shoots are widely used as a cooked vegetable<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Served with various staple foods such as corn &#8216;fufu&#8217;, plantains, sweet potatoes, potatoes, yams, maize, or pounded cocoyams<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Popular in C\u00f4te d&#8217;Ivoire (known as &#8216;fouet&#8217;), Benin (&#8216;ogomoh&#8217;), Nigeria (&#8216;ogunmo&#8217; or &#8216;odu&#8217;), and Cameroon (&#8216;osan&#8217; or &#8216;zom&#8217;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><H5>Other Uses:<\/H5><\/p>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p><b>Fodder:<\/b> Used as fodder for cattle and goats<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Dyes:<\/b> Both the leaves and fruits are a source of dyes, with the anthocyanin pigments in the purple to black fruits used as a dye or ink<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Agricultural:<\/b> Cultivated as a commercial crop in many African countries<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n                <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Dosages\">Formulas or Dosages<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>Specific standardized dosages for African nightshade are not well established in scientific literature. Traditional usage involves:<\/p>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p><b>For Digestive Issues:<\/b> Fresh leaf extracts consumed in small amounts<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>For Eye Infections:<\/b> Diluted leaf extracts applied topically<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>For Skin Conditions:<\/b> Crushed leaves applied directly to affected areas<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>For Stomach Ulcers:<\/b> Raw mature fruits chewed (with caution)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>For Dental Applications:<\/b> Infusions of leaves and seeds rubbed onto gums<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modern research suggests that fermentation and cooking of the leaves can enhance their health-promoting potential.<br \/>\n                <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Nutrient\">Nutrient Content<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>Per 100g edible portion of African nightshade leaves:<\/p>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p><b>Water:<\/b> 87.8g<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Energy:<\/b> 163 kJ (39 kcal)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Protein:<\/b> 3.2g (rich in methionine)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Fat:<\/b> 1.0g<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Carbohydrate:<\/b> 6.4g<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Fiber:<\/b> 2.2g<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Calcium:<\/b> 200mg<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Phosphorus:<\/b> 54mg<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Iron:<\/b> 0.3mg<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Beta-carotene:<\/b> 3.7mg<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):<\/b> 24mg<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The dry matter content varies greatly, from 6-18% depending on plant age, soil moisture, and fertilizing regime.<br \/>\n                <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Sold\">How Sold<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>African nightshade is sold in various forms:<\/p>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p>Fresh leaves and shoots in local markets<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Dried leaf powder (less common)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Occasionally as part of herbal preparations and remedies<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p>Seeds for cultivation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In commercial settings, the produce is tied in bundles and sent to markets, where traders split those bundles into smaller retail units.<br \/>\n              <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Warning\">Warning<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>Several important cautions should be observed when using African nightshade:<\/p>\n<ul><\/li>\n<p><b>Alkaloid Content:<\/b> Green fruits contain significant amounts of glycoalkaloids (solanine and solanidine), which can be toxic. Initial effects of solanine poisoning include diarrhea and vomiting, and frequent consumption can lead to liver accumulation, causing dizziness, mental confusion, loss of speech, and potentially blindness. The acceptable limit for these alkaloids is 20 mg per 100g fresh weight.<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Unripe Fruits:<\/b> Unripe fruits should never be consumed as they contain higher concentrations of toxins.<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Processing:<\/b> Heating or frying will not reduce the toxic effects of solanine and solanidine.<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Pregnancy:<\/b> Use during pregnancy should be avoided due to potential toxicity.<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Proper Identification:<\/b> Care should be taken to correctly identify the plant, as it is often confused with other Solanum species that may have different toxicity profiles.<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Medicinal Use:<\/b> When used medicinally, the plant should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of someone knowledgeable about traditional herbal medicine.<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<p><b>Cultivar Variations:<\/b> Toxicity can vary considerably according to where the plant is grown and the cultivar being grown.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n                <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<hr size=3 width=80% COLOR=\"#004040\" align=\"center\">\n<h3><a name=\"Links\">Resource Links<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/2025\/04\/08\/traditional-medicine-offers-hope-for-kenyas-diabetes-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\">Traditional Medicine Offers Hope for Kenya\u2019s Diabetes Crisis<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0925521418305453\" target=\"_blank\">ScienceDirect &#8211; Nutritional composition in African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) influenced by harvesting methods, age and storage conditions<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6213403\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Library of Medicibe &#8211; African Nightshade (Solanum scabrum Mill.): Impact of Cultivation and Plant Processing on Its Health Promoting Potential as Determined in a Human Liver Cell Model<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/prota.prota4u.org\/protav8.asp?g=pe&#038;p=Solanum+scabrum\" target=\"_blank\">PROTA4U &#8211; Solanum scabrum Mill.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net\/herbs\/s\/solanum-scabrum=garden-huckleberry.php\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Medicinal Herbs &#8211; Garden Huckleberry<\/a><\/p>\n<p>             <a href=\"#top\"><font size=\"-1\">Back to Top<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n<p><center>\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-4390707348229770\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><br \/>\n<!-- MHI-wide-728x90 --><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-4390707348229770\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"5012760358\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/center><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Contents: Common Names | Parts Usually Used | Plant(s) &amp; Culture | Where Found | Medicinal Properties | Biochemical Information Legends, Myths and Stories | Uses | Formulas or Dosages | Nutrient Content | How Sold | Warning | Resource Links Scientific Names Solanum scabrum Solanum guineense Solanum melanocerasum Solanum intrusum Common Names African Nightshade&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/african-nightshade\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;African Nightshade&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"iawp_total_views":37,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11026","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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