{"id":3592,"date":"2019-10-18T18:04:48","date_gmt":"2019-10-18T18:04:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/?page_id=3592"},"modified":"2025-05-19T21:11:21","modified_gmt":"2025-05-19T21:11:21","slug":"bitter-leaf","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/1herbs\/bitter-leaf\/","title":{"rendered":"Bitter Leaf"},"content":{"rendered":"<div align=center>\n<h5>Contents:<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"#Names\">Common Names<\/a> | <a href=\"#Parts\">Parts Usually Used<\/a> | <a href=\"#Description\">Plant(s) &amp; Culture<\/a> | <a href=\"#Where\">Where Found<\/a> | <a href=\"#Properties\">Medicinal Properties<\/a> | <a href=\"#Biochemical\">Biochemical Information<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#Legends\">Legends, Myths and Stories<\/a> | <a href=\"#Uses\">Uses<\/a> | <a href=\"#Dosages\">Formulas or Dosages<\/a> | <a href=\"#Nutrient\">Nutrient Content<\/a> | <a href=\"#Sold\">How Sold<\/a> | <a href=\"#Links\">Resource Links<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Scientific Names<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Vernonia_amygdalina_sm.jpg\" alt=\"Bitter Leaf\" align=\"right\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Vernonia Amygdalina<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>V. calvoana<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>V. colorata<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Gymnanthemum amygdalinum<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Asteraceae (Compositae) Family<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a name=\"Names\"><\/a>Common Names<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aluma (Togo)<\/li>\n<li>An-gb\u1ebbnth\u03c3 (Sierra Leone)<\/li>\n<li>Awonwono (Ghana)<\/li>\n<li>Bantara burur\u00e9 (Guinea)<\/li>\n<li>Bitter Kola<\/li>\n<li>Bitterleaf<\/li>\n<li>Chusar-doki (Hausa)<\/li>\n<li>Dakuna (Guinea)<\/li>\n<li>Ebichaa (Ethiopia)<\/li>\n<li>Etidot (Cross River State of Nigeria)<\/li>\n<li>Ewuro (Ibdan, Nigeria)<\/li>\n<li>Fatefata (Nigeria)<\/li>\n<li>Gbondutsi (Togo)<\/li>\n<li>Grawa (Amharic)<\/li>\n<li>Ityuna (Tiv)<\/li>\n<li>Kossa fina (Guinea)<\/li>\n<li>Labwori (Acholi)<\/li>\n<li>Mululuza (Luganda)<\/li>\n<li>Ndole (French)<\/li>\n<li>Ndoleh (Cameroon)<\/li>\n<li>Nje nyani (Sierra Leone)<\/li>\n<li>Olusia (Luo)<\/li>\n<li>Omubilizi (Tanzania)<\/li>\n<li>Omubirizi (Uganda)<\/li>\n<li>Onugbu (Igbo)<\/li>\n<li>Oriwo (Edo)<\/li>\n<li>Pau Fede (Portuguese)<\/li>\n<li>South African Leaf<\/li>\n<li>Sucumadeira (Portuguese)<\/li>\n<li>Umubilizi (Rwanda)<\/li>\n<li>Vernonie (French)<\/li>\n<li>Vernonie Commune (French)<\/li>\n<li>Ying (Cameroon)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Parts\"><\/a>Parts Usually Used<\/h3>\n<p>Leaves, flowers, stems, roots<br \/>\n<a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Description\"><\/a>Description of Plant(s) and Culture<\/h3>\n<p>The Bitter Leaf plant is a small tree or shrub that grows up to 5 meters tall. The leaves taste bitter and are green, with a distinctive odor.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Where\"><\/a>Where Found<\/h3>\n<p>Vernonia amygdalina grows wild in most countries of tropical Africa, and in Yemen. It is commonly grown as a vegetable in Cameroon, Benin, DR Congo, Nigeria and Gabon, as well as in their neighboring countries. The Luhya people in western Kenya use this plant as a vegetable.<\/p>\n<p>Bitterleaf requires full sunlight when cultivated. It also naturally occurs along lakes and rivers, in woodlands and grasslands of up to 2,000 meters altitude.<\/p>\n<p>Short days induce flowering of this plant. It is fairly draught tolerant, but thrives more commonly in humid areas, especially those with Humus-rich soil.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Properties\"><\/a>Medicinal Properties<\/h3>\n<p>This plant has been shown to possess platelet anti-aggregating properties, cytotoxic activity, be hepatoprotective, anti-leishmanial, antibacterial and antioxidant. It has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and several types of cancer.<\/p>\n<p>Scientific studies have shown that extracts of the leaves retard the growth of human breast cancer cells. Leaf &amp; root bark extracts offer antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum.<\/p>\n<p>Chewing bitter leaf sticks slow the growth of bacteria that causes periodontal disease. Leaves also work against various bacteria and viruses.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Biochemical\"><\/a>Biochemical Information<\/h3>\n<p>The bitterness is caused by steroid glucosides (vernoniosides) &amp; sesquiterpene lactones (e.g. vernodalin, vernolepin and vernomygdin). Some of these compounds are antiparasitic, especially vernodalin and vernonioside.<\/p>\n<p>Ethnobotanical uses include coumarins, phenolic acids, lignans, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, steroids, anthraquinone, sesquiterpenes, xanthones and edotides. These compounds have been shown to offer chemoprevention.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Legends\"><\/a>Legends, Myths and Stories<\/h3>\n<p>Equatorial Africans cook and eat the leaves in soups and stews as a food staple.<\/p>\n<p>In Uganda, the stems are used for soap.<\/p>\n<p>This plant&#8217;s bitter taste is due to anti-nutritional factors such as saponins, alkaloids, glycosides and tannins. Farmers have tired adding molasses to this plant in order to make it more palatable, but with limiited success. Southern Ehtiopian farmers often boil the plant in order to reduce the bitterness for their animals.<\/p>\n<p>Many farmers in Africa feed bitter leaf to their chickens in order to stretch the amount of feed they provide. They report that the chickens don&#8217;t show any health issues as a result and it doesn&#8217;t seem to affect the chickens&#8217; weight.<\/p>\n<p>Ethiopians use this plant as a substitute for hops to brew local beer.<\/p>\n<p>Northern Nigerian women belive that eating the leaves enhances sexual attractiveness.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Uses\"><\/a>Uses<\/h3>\n<blockquote><p>Professor Ernest Izevbigie from Jackson State University has patented a phytochemotherapeutic compositions produced from the aqueous extracts (and fractions thereof) isolated from V. amygdalina leaves. This formula was shown to inhibit the growth of neoplastic cells, including human breast cancer cells (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.futurity.org\/medicinal-plants-cancer-growth-2070422-2\/?utm_source=Futurity+Today&amp;utm_campaign=2fe8a2dba3-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_05_24_02_40&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_e34e8ee443-2fe8a2dba3-206311805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Patent 6713098 and Izevbigie, 2004)<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The leaves are used to treat hiccups, fever, viral diseases, bacterial infection, urinary tract inflammation, liver diseases, kidney problems, nausea, jaundice, candidiasis, boils, burns, measles, yellow fever, typhoid fever, gingivitis, toothache, eczema, hypertension, convulsions, constipation, and upset stomach.<\/p>\n<p>Many African ethnic groups use cold concoctions or root extracts made of this plant to treat intestinal parasites, helminth, diabetes, schistosomiasis, amoebic dysentery, scabies, headache, malaria, stomach upset, colds, bronchitis, hepatitis, cough, diarrhea, as a laxative and as a fertility inducer.<\/p>\n<p>West and Central Africans consume bitterleaf much as they would any other vegetable, especially in soups. The leaves are sometimes cooked with prawns , meat or peanuts to make a dish called \u2018ndole\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>The leaves are also sometimes eaten unprocessed &amp; raw mixed with salt or palm oil.<\/p>\n<p>People often apply the leaves to woulds as a form of antiseptic and to promote wound healing.<\/p>\n<p>In Zimbabwe a root infusion is used to treat sexually transmitted diseases.<\/p>\n<p>Some people use bitterleaf as a substitute for hops in the brewing of beer.<\/p>\n<p>Both humans and chimpanzees eat the bitterleaf plant to eliminate intestinal parasites.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Dosages\"><\/a>Formulas or Dosages<\/h3>\n<p>In Nigeria, boiled leaves are used to treat diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Ethiopeans make an infusion from the leaves to use to aid the healing of wounds.<\/p>\n<p>To treat liver diseases, people in Rwanda crush a handful of the leaves and boil in 3\u00a0liters of water and 1 glass of banana wine.<\/p>\n<p>In Camaroon and Ethiopia, the leaves are used to make a decoction for treating malaria and jaundice.<\/p>\n<p>An infusion made with the leaves is used in Nigeria and Uganda to treat multiple of malidies. Among them are boils, burns, malaria, measles, yellow fever and hypertension.<\/p>\n<p>In Uganda and Nigeria, both the roots and the stem are used in an infusion to treat convulsions, stomachache, vaginal itching, intestinal worms and as a laxative and an appetizer.<\/p>\n<p>Nigerians make an infusion using the leaves combined with lime and potash to treat candidiasis.<\/p>\n<p>Maceration of the leaves, a cold extraction process, is used in Camaroon to prepare a treatment for diabetes, cancer and viral diseases.<\/p>\n<p>Because of the ability of this plant to help prohibit periodontal disease, the sticks are chewed in Nigeria as part of regular dental hygiene.<\/p>\n<p>In Tanzania, people squeeze the roots and leaves to create a treatment for febrile convulsions, fever or malaria.<\/p>\n<p>There is a preparation process that involves shredding or pounding of the leaves, often adding salt or lime to help the maceration. During this process, foam is developed. The person repeatedly rinses the leaves between pounding in order to remove much of the bitterness. Once the rinse water is no longer green, the leaves are ready for consumption.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Nutrient\"><\/a>Nutrient Content<\/h3>\n<p>Nutritionally, the leaves contain per 100 g edible portion: 52 calories, protein 5.2 g, water 82.6 g, fiber 1.5 g, calcium 145 mg, potassium 67 mg, iron 5.0 mg, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 51 mg, fat 0.4 g, carbohydrate 10.0 g. This is similar to other dark green leaf vegetables&#8217; nutritional content.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Sold\"><\/a>How Sold<\/h3>\n<p>Leaves are usually sold dried or flash frozen. There are reports that the processed leaves fetch up to five time more money than raw leaves.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr align=\"center\" size=\"3\" width=\"80%\" \/>\n<h3><a name=\"Links\"><\/a>Resource Links<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/2025\/04\/08\/traditional-medicine-offers-hope-for-kenyas-diabetes-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\">Traditional Medicine Offers Hope for Kenya\u2019s Diabetes Crisis<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/2019\/10\/23\/recent-studies-show-seven-herbs-help-stop-cancer-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Recent Studies Show Seven Herbs Help Stop Cancer Growth<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vernonia_amygdalina\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wikipedia: Vernonia Amygdalina<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.futurity.org\/medicinal-plants-cancer-growth-2070422-2\/?utm_source=Futurity+Today&amp;utm_campaign=2fe8a2dba3-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_05_24_02_40&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_e34e8ee443-2fe8a2dba3-206311805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Futurity.org: These Medicinal Plants Put Brakes on Cancer Growth<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378874118345859?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Journal of Ethnopharmacology: Evaluation of anti-proliferative activity of medicinal plants used in Asian Traditional Medicine to treat cancer<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/news.nus.edu.sg\/research\/anti-cancer-properties-uncovered-plants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National University of Singapore: Anti-cancer properties uncovered in plants<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3138040\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Antioxidative and Chemopreventive Properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoid<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2314853517301701\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences &#8211; Vernonia amygdalina: A folkloric herb with anthelminthic properties<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/aps\/2018\/4083736\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Advances in Pharmacological Sciences: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Compounds from the Flower Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/aga\/AGAP\/FRG\/Visit\/Ida\/Vernonia%20amygdalina.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Vernonia amygdalina<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/482091v1.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Biorxiv.org: Vernonia Amygdalina Del (Bitter Leaf) extract ameliorates isoniazid (INH) induced liver injury in Swiss Albino Mice<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/uses.plantnet-project.org\/en\/Vernonia_amygdalina_(PROTA)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pl@ntUse: Vernonia amygdalina (PROTA)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><span>Back to Top<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><center>\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-4390707348229770\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><br \/>\n<!-- MHI-wide-728x90 --><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-4390707348229770\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"5012760358\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/center><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Contents: Common Names | Parts Usually Used | Plant(s) &amp; Culture | Where Found | Medicinal Properties | Biochemical Information Legends, Myths and Stories | Uses | Formulas or Dosages | Nutrient Content | How Sold | Resource Links Scientific Names Vernonia Amygdalina V. calvoana V. colorata Gymnanthemum amygdalinum Asteraceae (Compositae) Family Common Names &nbsp;&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/medicinalherbinfo.org\/000Herbs2016\/1herbs\/bitter-leaf\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;Bitter Leaf&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"iawp_total_views":275,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3592","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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