Ephedra
Parts Usually Used
Above ground herb and root (known as ma huang gen of the E. sinica variety).
Description of Plant(s) and Culture
Desert tea is a broom-like shrub, somewhat resembling shave grass. The jointed grooved, green stems and branches of some species reach heights of up to 7 feet, but most are smaller. 2 to 3 scalelike leaves, more or less persistent depending on the species, grow at each joint in the stem and branches. ale and female cones appear on different plants, the male featuring prominent yellow pollen sacs.
Other varieties: Ma-huang (E. sinica); Joint fir (E. sinensis); (E. trifurca); (E. viridis); Somalata in Sanskrit and also called Ma huang by the Chinese (E. vulgaris); (E. equistina) from Siberia and China. Ephedra is the source of the widely used drug ephedrine. In India, the variety E. gerardiana is thought to have been the prime ingredient of soma, a potent tonic and elixir of youth.
Where Found
Its various species can be found in the arid areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including the deserts of the southwestern United States. The herb seems to grow best at higher altitudes and prefers rocky, alkaline soil. It needs very little moisture.
Medicinal Properties
Diaphoretic, stimulant, decongestant, antirheumatic, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, tonic
Biochemical Information
Ephedrine alkaloids (small amount) Ephedra root: alkaloid ephedrine, pseudo-ephedrine, tannins, saponin, flavone, essential oil
Legends, Myths and Stories
E. nevadensis is known as Mormon tea because the Mormons made an herbal brew from it. The earliest record of Mormon tea appeared in the Badianus manuscript; a 1552 herbal highlighting Mexican plants. Written by an Aztec medicine man, the book was translated into Latin and the original copy today resides in the Vatican. Known to early settlers of the American West as “squaw tea”, and was an excellent substitute for coffee or regular tea.
The early pioneers brewed this tea and mixed the powder of pinon pine sap to concoct a salve to soothe open sores on humans and animals alike. Mormon tea works similarly to ma huang but is less strong. There is a significant difference in stimulating properties between the Oriental ephedra, ma huang, and the American variety which has little or no ephedrine alkaloids. The more stimulating Chinese ma huang contains plant forms of adrenaline, ephedrine and nor-ephedrine.
Ma huang is the Emperor or principal therapeutic herb for the Chinese. Ma-huang (E. sinica) is a Chinese species of ephedra which has been used in China for over 2,000 years to treat headache, colds, fevers, and skin eruptions. It contains a potent alkaloid, ephedrine, which is present only minutely in other species. Used medicinally for colds, asthma, and hay fever. Native Americans added Mormon tea to their treatment of venereal diseases.
The alkaloid ephedrine, extracted from the ephedra, was first identified by Chinese scientists in 1924; 2 years later the pharmaceutical company Merck produced a synthetic version, still used to treat asthma. Today, compounds derived from ephedra are commonly found in many over-the-counter cold and allergy medications.
Uses
Historically, this plant was brewed as a beverage, valued for its flavor and aroma. Traditional herbalists used it for kidney and bladder complaints, colds, asthma, headaches, hayfever, allergies, hives, rheumatism, lung ailments, and water retention. Native Americans of the American Southwest prepared decoctions to address kidney pain and fevers, and early pioneers regarded desert tea as a blood purifier.
In addition, the root of the ephedra plant was traditionally utilized for diarrhea, excessive sweating, and night sweats.
How Sold
Ephedra teas and other commercially prepared cold remedies are sold in health food and herb stores.
Warning
Ephedra is a long-acting stimulant. American ephedra, known as Mormon tea or desert tea, is much milder than the Chinese variety (E. sinica) and is used in a similar fashion. Ma huang (E. sinica) is used in many natural cold remedies. People with high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, or thyroid disease should not use any of the ephedra species. Or use under strict supervision with a doctor.
Do not exceed recommended dose. Check with the doctor before using any ephedra preparations if you are pregnant or nursing.
Bibliography
The Complete Medicinal Herbal , by Penelope Ody, Dorling Kindersley, Inc, 232 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, First American Edition, copyright 1993 The Herb Book , by John Lust, Bantam Books, 666 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY. copyright 1974. , Lotus Press, PO Box 325, Twin Lakes. , Copyright 1988, published 1992 The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine , by Dr.
David Frawley & Dr. Vasant Lad, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin, Second edition, 1988. The Rodale Herb Book: How to Use, Grow, and Buy Nature’s Miracle Plants (An Organic gardening and farming book) , edited by William H. Hylton, Rodale Press, Inc. , 1974